فهرست ٧٥ زبان ايراني

.در قسمت پائين، نام ٧٥ زبان و گويش ايراني فهرست شده است. اين نام‌ها بر اساس كتاب نژادشناسي(اتنالوگ) ١٩٩٨ مي‌باشند. همچنين اصلاحاتي كه در چاپ ٢٠٠٠ صورت خواهد گرفت نيز وارد شده است. عمدة اين اطلاعات كهنه بوده و بوسيله خارجي‌ها جمع آوري گرديده‌اند. براي بنا نهادن اطلاعات جامعه‌شناسي و مردم‌شناسي خود بر بستري درست و حقيقي، و همچنين براي كمك در تشخيص "نياز‌هاي احساس شدة" اين گروه‌هاي زباني، احساس مي‌شود كه اين اطلاعات بايد توسط مردم درون كشور اصلاح گردند. همة اين گروه‌هاي زباني ايراني هستند و به ايراني بودن خود افتخار مي‌كنند. بسيار سپاسگذار خواهيم شد كه پيشنهادات خود را براي اصلاح اين اطلاعات برايمان ارسال نمائيد. برگرفته شده از كتاب اتنالوگ در سايت www.ethnologue.com.

Islamic Republic of Iran \Population 65,758,000 (1998 UN) \National Official Language - Western Farsi \ Non-Indigenous Languages - People from Afghanistan 1,500,000, Kurds from Iraq 120,000, Shi'a Arabs from Iraq \Blind Population 200,000 (1982 WCE) \Deaf Population 3,978,055 \Data Accuracy Estimate B,C \Literacy Rate - 70% to 75% among those 6 years old and over (1995-996 Iran Statistical Center) \Religions - Shi'a Muslim (official), Sunni Muslim, Baha'i, Christian.

1. AIMAQ \D TEIMURI (TEIMURTASH) \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian \HUB Afghanistan \REG Mazanderan Province \POP 170,000 (1993 Johnstone) \DAT 06/Aug/1998 \XXX AIQ

2. ALVIRI-VIDARI \D ALVIR (ALVIRI), VIDAR (VIDARI) \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Talysh \REG Near Saveh \INR Related to Gozarkhani and Vafsi \REL Muslim \DAT 06/Oct/1998 \NEW 10/Feb/1993 \XXX AVD

3. ARABIC GULF SPOKEN \NAL KHALIJI, GULF ARABIC \D AL-HASAA \G Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic \HUB Iraq \REG Southern coast \POP 200,000 in Iran (1993)\DAT 08/Sep/1998 \NEW 28/Mar/1992 \XXX AFB

4. ARABIC, MESOPOTAMIAN SPOKEN \NAL MESOPOTAMIAN GELET ARABIC \G Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic \HUB Iraq \REG Khuzestan Province, southwest side of Zagros Mts., along the bank of the Shatt al Arab and the Tigris \POP 1,200,000 in Iran \REL Shi'a Muslim \DAT 08/Sep/1998 \NEW 13/Dec/1991 \XXX ACM

5. ARMENIAN \NAL HAIEREN, SOMEKHURI, ERMENICE, ARMJANSKI \D EASTERN ARMENIAN, AGULIS, ASTRAKHAN, EREVAN, JOLFA (DZHULFA), KARABAGH SHAMAKHI, TBILISI (TIFLIS), ARTVIN, KHOI-SALMST (KHVOY), URMIA-MARAGHEH \G Indo-European, Armenian \HUB Armenia \REG Northern Iran, Azerbaijan around Khoi, Shahpur, Ahar, Tabriz, Tehran, Esfahan, Shiraz \POP 170,800 in Iran (1993) \BB 1883-1994 \NT 1834-1976 \PR 1831-1991 \INR Dialects listed are Eastern. Eastern Armenian is spoken in Armenia and its Turkish and Iranian borderlands; Western Armenian is spoken elsewhere. Western Armenian is understood only by some in Iran \REL Christian \DAT 06/Oct/1998 \XXX ARM

6. ASHTIANI \NAL ASTIANI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Central Iran \REG Tafres area \INR Transitional between central Iranian dialects and Talysh. Very close to Vafsi \BLR Speakers are bilingual in Farsi \REL Muslim \DAT 03/Sep/1998 \XXX ATN

7. ASSYRIAN NEO-ARAMAIC \D IRANIAN KOINE (GENERAL URMI)\G Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern \HUB Iraq \REG Reza'iyeh (Rizaiye, Urmia, Urmi). Most in Tehran \POP 10,000 to 20,000 in Iran (1994) out of a reported population of 80,000 \BB 1852-1911 \NT 1846, in press (1999) \PR 1840-1993 \R The Assyrian separated denominationally from the Chaldean in the 16th century \WR Syriac script used \REL Christian (Nestorian) mainly \DAT 19/Jan/1999 \XXX AII

8. AZERBAIJANI, SOUTH \NAL AZERI \D AYNALLU (INALLU, INANLU), KARAPAPAKH, TABRIZ, AFSHARI (AFSHAR, AFSAR), SHAHSAVANI (SHAHSEVEN), MOQADDAM, BAHARLU (KAMESH), NAFAR, QARAGOZLU, PISHAGCHI, BAYAT, QAJAR \G Altaic, Turkic, Southern, Azerbaijani \REG East and west Azerbaijan, Zanjan, and part of central provinces. Many in a few districts of Tehran. Some Azerbaijani-speaking groups are in Fars Province and other parts of Iran \PTO 24,364,000 \POP 23,500,000 in Iran (1997), or 37.3% of the population (1997), including 290,000 Afshar, 5,000 Aynallu, 7,500 Baharlu, 1,000 Moqaddam, 3,500 Nafar 1,000 Pishagchi, 3,000 Qajar, 2,000 Qaragozlu, 130,000 Shahsavani (1993) \R People called 'Turki' (Turks) \USE Poetry \INR Distinctive dialect differences between the Azerbaijani of the former USSR (North) and Iranian Azerbaijani (South) in phonology, lexicon, morphology, and syntax. Teimurtash (7,000 in Mazandaran; possibly the same as Teimuri, Timuri, Taimouri) and Salchug (in Kerman Province) may be dialects. Qashqai is probably a dialect \WR Arabo-Persian script \Language of Wider Communication \Official Literary Language \SBT Agriculturalists, pastoralists \REL Shi'a Muslim \Newspapers - Regularly published in Tabriz and Tehran \DAT 25/Nov/1998 \Found in Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, Jordan, USA, Azerbaijan, \XXX AZB

9. BALOCHI, SOUTHERN \NAL BALUCHI, BALUCI, BALOCI \D MAKRANI (LOTUNI) \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Balochi \HUB Pakistan \REG Southern Baluchistan Province \POP 405,000 in Iran \PR 1992-1994 \REL Sunni Muslim \DAT 22/Dec/1998 \XXX BCC

10. BALOCHI, WESTERN \NAL BALUCHI, BALUCI, BALOCI \D RAKHSHANI (RAXSHANI), SARAWANI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Balochi \HUB Pakistan \REG Northern Baluchistan Province. Half are settled in cities and villages, half are nomadic \POP 451,000 in Iran, 1% of the population (1986) \PR 1984 \INR Strongly influenced by Fars, but not intelligible with Farsi \BLR Few speak Farsi \R Distinct from Eastern and Southern Balochi. Ethnic group: Yarahmadza \REL Sunni Muslim \DAT 22/Dec/1998 \XXX BGN

11. BASHKARDI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Balochi \REL Muslim \DAT 22/Dec/1998 \XXX BSG

12. BRAHUI \NAL BRAHUDI, BIRAHUI, KUR GALLI \D JHARAWAN, KALAT, SARAWAN \G Dravidian, Northern \HUB Pakistan \REG Eastern \POP 10,000 in Iran (1983) \PR 1905-1978 \INR Kalat is standard dialect, Jharawan is lowland \USE Brahui in Iran are reported to speak Western Baluchi now \SBT Pastoralists \REL Muslim \DAT 22/Dec/1998 \XXX BRH

13. DOMARI \NAL MIDDLE EASTERN ROMANI, TSIGENE, GYPSY \D KURBATI, QINATI, YU%RU%K, KOLI, KARACHI, LULI, MAZNOUG, NAWAR \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Dom \REG Kurbat is in western Iran. Karachi is in northern Iran \PTO 500,000 (1980 Kenrick) \POP 80,000 in Iran (1929) \R Arabic influenced \REL Muslim \DAT 12/Oct/1998 \Special Interest Language - Gypsy \XXX RMT

14. DZHIDI \NAL JUDEO-PERSIAN, DJUDI, JUDI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian \HUB Israel \POP (60,000 in Israel; 1995) \INR Close to Bukharic, Western Farsi \REL Jewish \DAT 07/Oct/1998 \XXX DZH

15. ESHTEHARDI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Talysh \REG Eshtehard and environs, Karaj District, Central Province \INR Close to Takestani \REL Muslim \DAT 07/Oct/1998 \NEW 10/Feb/1993 \XXX ESH

16. FARS \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Fars \R Distinct from Farsi \INR Related to Lari \REL Muslim \DAT 06/Oct/1998 \XXX FAC

17. FARSI, WESTERN \NAL PERSIAN, PARSI \D QAZVINI, MAHALLATI, HAMADANI, KASHANI, ISFAHANI, SEDEHI, KERMANI, ARAKI, SHIRAZI, JAHROMI, SHAHRUDI, KAZERUNI, MASHADI (MESHED), BASSERI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian \REG Central and south central Iran \PTO 24,280,000 \POP 22,000,000 in Iran, or 35.92% of the population (1997), including 800,000 Dari in Khorasan, Gilan, Tat, Bakhtiyari, Lor \BB 1838-1995 \NT 1815-1979 \PR 1546-1965 \INR The literary language is virtually identical in Iran and Afghanistan, with very minor lexical differences. Zargari may be a dialect used by goldsmiths (also see Balkan Romani in Iran). Dialect shading into Dari in Afghanistan and Tajiki in Tajikistan \National Language \All elemenatry schools use Farsi \Secondary education uses Farsi \REL Mainly Shi'a Muslim \Radio Broadcasts in Language = BBC \DAT 25/Nov/1998 \Spoken in - Iraq, Oman, Qatar, Tajikistan, United Arab Emirates, Canada, USA, Austria, Bahrain, United Kingdom, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Turkmenistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Australia, Sweden, Azerbaijan, Israel, France, Spain \XXX PES

18. GABRI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Central Iran \REG Yezd and Kerman areas \PTO 10,000 \POP 10,000 (1998) \USE Spoken by Persian Zoroastrians in their personal communications as a private language \BLR All use Farsi as second language \R Many Zoroastrians do not know Gabri \REL Zoroastrian \DAT 05/Feb/1999 \XXX GBZ

19. GAZI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Central Iran \REL Muslim \XXX GZI

20. GEORGIAN \NAL KARTULI, GRUZIN \D FEREYDAN (FEREJDAN) \G South Caucasian, Georgian \HUB Georgia \POP 1,000 to 10,000 in Iran \BB 1743-1989 \NT 1709-1993 \PR 1709-1982 \INR Ferejdan dialect is or was in Iran; there may not be any now \WR In Iran they may not be able to read Mkhedruli script, which they use in Georgia \REL Muslim \DAT 25/Nov/1998 \XXX GEO

21. GILAKI \NAL GELAKI, GILANI, GUILAKI, GUILANI \D GALESHI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Caspian \REG Gilan region, coastal plain, south of Talish. Galeshi is a mountain dialect \PTO 3,265,000 \POP 3,265,000 (1993), including 2,000 Galeshi (1991 WA) \WR Not in written form \INR Close to Mazanderani \BLR Speakers use Western Farsi as second language. The educated can read Farsi well \SBT Agriculturalists, fishermen \REL Shi'a Muslim, Christian \DAT 25/Nov/1998 \XXX GLK

22. GOZARKHANI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Talysh \REG Alamut area \INR Close to Maraghei \REL Muslim \DAT 07/Oct/1998 \NEW 10/Feb/1993 \XXX GOZ

23. HARZANI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Talysh \REG West Azerbaijan Province, Qalingie, betweenf Marand and Jolfa, northwest of Tabriz \INR Very close to Karingani \REL Muslim \DAT 25/Nov/1998 \XXX HRZ

24. HAWRAMI \NAL HAWRAMANI, GURANI, GORANI, MA^CHO MA^CHO \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Zaza-Gorani \HUB Iraq \REG West part of Kordestan Province, near Iraq border \INR Closest to Dimli of Turkey. Both are different from Kurdish \REL Muslim \DAT 25/Nov/1998 \XXX HAC

25. HAZARAGI \NAL HAZARA, HEZAREH, HEZARE'I \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian \HUB Afghanistan \POP 283,000 in Iran (1993) \R Ethnic group names are (Central) Dai Kundi, Dai Zangi, Behsud, Yekaulang, (Southern) Polada, Urusgani, Jaguri, Ghazni Hazaras, Dai Miradad \INR They speak a dialect related to Dari; possibly distinct from Dari \SBT Agriculturalists, semi-sedentary pastoralists \REL Muslim: Imami Shi'a, Ismaili, some Sunni \DAT 28/Jan/1999 \XXX HAZ

26. HERKI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Kurdish \HUB Iraq \INR Possibly a dialect of Kurmanji \REL Muslim \DAT 25/Nov/1998 \XXX HEK

27. HULAULA \HUB Israel \POP 300 to 400 \Not an indigenous language of Iran \XXX HUY

28. JADGALI \NAL JATGALI, JATKI, JAT \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Sindhi \HUB Pakistan \R People called Jats. Different from Jakati of Afghanistan, Moldova, Ukraine, and Russian Central Asia \REL Muslim \DAT 22/Dec/1998 \XXX JAV

29. KABATEI \D KALAS, KABATE \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Talysh \REG Rudbar District, Gilan Province \INR Close to Upper Taromi \REL Muslim \DAT 07/Oct/1998 \NEW 10/Feb/1993 \XXX XKP

30. KAJALI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Talysh \REG Khalkhal District in Eastern Azerbaijan Province, Kaqazkonan District, Kajal \INR Close to Shahrudi and Koresh-e Rostam \REL Muslim \DAT 07/Oct/1998 \NEW 10/Feb/1993 \XXX XKJ

31. KARINGANI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Talysh \REG East Azerbaijan Province, Dizmar District, Keringan village, and Hasanu District, northeast of Tabriz \INR Various dialects. Very close to Harzani \REL Muslim \DAT 25/Nov/1998 \XXX KGN

32. KAZAKH \NAL KAZAK, KAZAKHI, GAZAQI \G Altaic, Turkic, Western, Aralo-Caspian \HUB Kazakhstan \REG Gorgan City, Mazandaran Province \POP 3,000 in Iran (1982 estimate) \NT 1820-1910 \PR 1818-1989 \New Testament out of print \WR Any who are literate would use Arabic script \REL Muslim \DAT 25/Nov/1998 \XXX KAZ

33. KHALAJ \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern \R Pronounced with 2 short or front a's. Different from Turkic Khalaj in Iran \INR Related to Kurdish and Talysh \NEW 23/Feb/1998 \DAT 06/Oct/1998 \XXX KJF

34. KHALAJ \G Altaic, Turkic, Southern, Azerbaijani \REG Northeast of Arak in Central Province \PTO 17,000 or fewer \POP 17,000 and decreasing (1968) \INR Not a dialect of Azerbaijani, as previously supposed. An independent language distinct from other extant Turkish languages (Doerfer 1971) \R Pronounced with two long or back a's. Different from Indo-Iranian Khalaj \BLR Most are bilingual in Farsi \AGE Some children know only Farsi \REL Muslim \DAT 25/Nov/1998 \XXX KLJ

35. KHOINI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Talysh \REG Khoin District, Zanjan Province \INR Various dialects. Related to Kabatei and Takestani \REL Muslim \DAT 06/Oct/1998 \NEW 10/Feb/1993 \XXX XKC

36. KHORASANI TURKISH \NAL QUCHANI \D WEST QUCHANI (NORTHWEST QUCHANI), NORTH QUCHANI (NORTHEAST QUCHANI), SOUTH QUCHANI \G Altaic, Turkic, Southern, Turkish \REG Northeast Iran, in the northern part of Khorasan Province, especially northwest of Mashhad. West dialect in Bojnurd region; north dialect in Quchan region (probably the largest), south dialect around Soltanabad near Sabzevar \PTO 400,000 \POP 400,000 possibly (1977 Doerfer) \PIN Farsi \INR Midway linguistically between Azerbaijani and Turkmen, but not a dialect of either. Oghuz-Uzbek in Uzbekistan is reported to be a dialect of this \USE Not a literary language, but the government broadcasts in Quchani \R Different from Khorasani, a local Persian dialect in Khorasan \REL Muslim \DAT 25/Nov/1998 \XXX KMZ

37. KHUNSARI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Central Iran \R Distinct from Kumzari of Oman \REL Muslim \XXX KFM

38. KORESH-E ROSTAM \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Talysh \REG Eastern Azerbaijan Province, Koresh-e Rostam District \INR Related to Shahrudi and Kajali \REL Muslim \DAT 06/Oct/1998 \NEW 10/Feb/1993 \XXX OKH

39. KOROSHI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Balochi \PTO 160 to 200 \POP 160 to 200, or 40 to 50 families (Mohamedi)\R Appears to be Baluchi with some features of Farsi. They work for the Qashqai people \SBT Camel keepers \DAT 22/Dec/1998 \NEW 8/Oct/1992 \XXX KTL

40. KURDI \NAL KURDY, SOUTHERN KURDISH, SORANI, KORKORA, WA^WA^ \D KERMANSHAHI, MUKRI, JAFI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Kurdish \HUB Iraq \REG Northwest Iran, primarily Kordestan, Kermanshahan, West Azerbaijan provinces; also a large number in northeast Iran, in the very north of Khorasan Province \POP 3,250,000 in Iran \NT 1994 \PR 1894-1993 \R 90% are settled in cities or villages, 10% are nomadic. Jafi may be a separate language. Taught at 2 Universities \WR Arabic script used in Iran and Iraq \Language of Wider Communication \Literacy Rate - All people: 1%, boys: 15% \REL Muslim (mainly Sunni, some Shi'a), Christian \DAT 28/Jan/1999 \XXX KDB

41. KURMANJI \NAL NORTHERN KURDISH, KERMANJI, KIRMANJI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Kurdish \HUB Turkey \REG Mountain villages along the Turkey border region in the west of West Azerbaijan Province \POP 200,000 in Iran (1983 estimate) \NT 1872 \PR 1856-1993 \R Teaching Kurmanji is prohibited in Iranian schools (Time 4/1/91) \WR Roman script used in Turkey; Arabic in Syria, Iran, Iraq; Cyrillic in Russia. Armenian script not used now \REL Muslim \DAT 25/Nov/1998 \XXX KUR

42. LARI \NAL LARESTANI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Fars \REL Muslim \XXX LRL

43. LASGERDI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Semnani \REG In Lasgerd \INR Related to Sorkhei \REL Muslim \DAT 06/Oct/1998 \NEW 12/Feb/1993 \XXX LSA

44. LURI \NAL LUR, LOR, LORI \D LURI, FEYLI, LEKI (LAKI, ALAKI), BAKHTIARI, KELHURI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Luri \REG Southwestern Iran, Lorestan and Ilam. Khorramabad is an important political and economic center. Borujerd is also a center. The Bakhtiari migrate mainly from Bakhtiari and Esfahan provinces (summer) to Khuzestan (winter). Mamasani and Kurdshuli in Fars Province; Bovir-Ahmadi in Boyer-Ahmadi Kohgiluyeh Province \PTO 4,280,000 or more \POP 4,280,000 in Iran (1993) including 680,000 Bakhtiari (1989) \PIN Farsi \INR Closely related to Kumzari \R Ethnic groups: Lor, Bakhtiari (Haftlang, Chaharlang), Mamasani (perhaps 75,000 in 1982), Bovir-Ahmadi and Kuhgiluyeh (200,000 in 1982) \SBT Posht-Kuh: nomadic, Pish-Kuh: agriculturalists, Bakhtiari Haft-Lang: nomadic pastoralists: sheep, Bakhtiari Cahr-Lang: settled \REL Shi'a Muslim \DAT 28/Jan/1999 \XXX LRI

45. MANDAIC \NAL MANDAEAN, NEO-MANDAIC, MODERN MANDAIC, MANDA:YI, MANDI, SUBBI, SA'IBA \D AHWAZ (AHVAZ), SHUSHTAR, IRAQI NEO-MANDAIC \G Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Mandaic \REG Khuzistan. Speakers reported in Khuzistan in the 1960's. Ethnic Mandaeans in Iraq now do not speak Mandaic. Assyrians in the USA report Mandaic speakers there, whom they call 'Yokhananaye' \PTO 800 to 1,000 \POP 800 to 1,000 speakers in Iran, out of an ethnic group of 5,000 in Khuzistan, Iran who speak Western Farsi. 23,000 ethnic Mandaeans in Iraq all speak Arabic (1994 H. Mutzafi), but some people are reported to be bilingual in Mandaic \PIN Western Farsi \INR Little dialect variation \AGE Speakers are older bilingual people \USE Iraqi Neo-Mandaic is extinct. Shustar may be extinct \WR Mandaic script used \REL Mandaism (Gnostic) \DAT 18/Jan/1999 \XXX MID

46. MANDAIC, CLASSICAL (STATUS - EXTINCT) \NAL CLASSICAL MANDAEAN \G Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Mandaic \REG Also used in Iraq and small communities in the USA and Australia (300 Mandaeans in Sydney in 1995) \USE The liturgical language used by followers of the Mandaean religion \INR Appears to be the direct ancestor of Modern Mandaic \WR Mandaic script used \REL Mandaism \DAT 13/Oct/1998 \NEW 14/Jul/1995 \XXX MYZ

47. MARAGHEI \D DIKINI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Talysh \REG Upper Rudbar area (Rudbare Alamut) \INR Various dialects. Close to Gozarkhani \REL Muslim \DAT 06/Oct/1998 \NEW 10/Feb/1993 \XXX VMH

48. MAZANDERANI \NAL TABRI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Caspian \REG Northern Iran near Caspian Sea, southern half of Mazandaran Province \PTO 3,265,000 \POP 3,265,000 or 4.7% of the population (1993) \PIN Farsi \The educated can read Farsi well \INR Related to Gilaki. Qadikolahi (Ghadikolahi) and Palani may be dialects \SBT Agriculturalists, fishermen \REL Shi'a Muslim \DAT 25/Nov/1998 \XXX MZN

49. NATANZI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Central Iran \REL Muslim \XXX NTZ

50. NAYINI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Central Iran \REL Muslim \XXX NYQ

51. PARSI \HUB India \POP 2,000,000 or more (1999) \Non-Indigenous Language \DAT 21/Jan/1999 \XXX PRP

52. PASHTO, NORTHWESTERN \NAL PASHTU, PAKTU \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pashto \HUB Afghanistan \REG Khorasan on Afghanistan border east of Qa'en \POP 113,000 in Iran (1993) \R Different from Northeastern Pashto of Pakistan and India \REL Sunni Muslim \DAT 19/Dec/1998 \XXX PBT

53. PERSIAN SIGN LANGUAGE \G Deaf sign language \DAT 08/Sep/1998 \NEW 06/Apr/1996 \XXX PSC

54. QASHQAI \Print name - QASHQA'I \NAL QASHQAY, QASHQAI, KASHKAI \G Altaic, Turkic, Southern, Azerbaijani \REG Southwestern Iran, Fars Province; southern pasture in winter, northern in summer. Shiraz is a center \PTO 1,500,000 \POP 1,500,000 (1997), or 2.38% of the population (1997) \INR Very close to Azerbaijani \R Nomadic \Isolated \BLR Many are bilingual in Farsi \Many can read Farsi well \SBT Rug weavers, pastoralists: sheep, donkeys, camels \REL Shi'a Muslim \DAT 25/Nov/1998 \XXX QSQ

55. RASHTI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Caspian \REG Rasht city, the provincial capital of Gilan \INR Closely related to Gilaki, but significantly different enough to need separate literature. 'Real' Gilaki of the countryside is not intelligible to speakers of Rashti \BLR Speakers are fairly bilingual in Farsi \R Heavy influence from Farsi \DAT 28/Jan/1999 \NEW 19/Mar/1992 \XXX RSH

56. RAZAJERDI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Talysh \REG Qazvin Kuhpaye area, Razajerd \INR Various dialects. Related to Takestani \REL Muslim \DAT 06/Oct/1998 \NEW 10/Feb/1993 \XXX RAT

57. ROMANI, BALKAN \D ZARGARI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Romani, Balkan \HUB Yugoslavia \PR 1912-1937 \R Also see Western Farsi in Iran concerning a Zargari \REL Muslim \DAT 12/Oct/1998 \SPL Gypsy \XXX RMN

58. RUDBARI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Talysh \REG Sefid Rud Valley \INR Various dialects. Transitional to Caspian languages and related to Vafsi \REL Muslim \DAT 06/Oct/1998 \NEW 10/Feb/1993 \XXX RDB

59. SALCHUQ \G Altaic, Turkic, Southern, Azerbaijani \INR Probably a dialect of Azerbaijani \REL Muslim \DAT 06/Oct/1998 \XXX SLQ

60. SANGISARI \NAL SANGESARI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Semnani \REL Muslim \DAT 25/Nov/1998 \XXX SGR

61. SEMNANI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Semnani \REL Muslim \DAT 14/Dec/1997 \XXX SMJ

62. SENAYA \NAL SENA:YA, CHRISTIAN NEO-ARAMAIC \G Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern \REG Teheran and Qazwin. Originally in Sanandaj, Iranian Kurdistan. Some in western Europe \PTO 500 \POP 60 in Iran (1997 H. Mutzafi) \PIN Assyrian Neo-Aramaic \INR The variety in Qazwin is slightly different that than spoken by Sanandaj-born people \USE Gradually becoming extinct \WR Syriac script used \REL Christian (Chaldean) \DAT 07/Jan/1999 \NEW 6/Nov/1992 \XXX SYN

63. SHAHMIRZADI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Caspian \REG Shahmirzad \INR Close to Mazanderani and Gilaki \DAT 25/Nov/1998 \NEW 12/Feb/1993 \XXX SRZ

64. SHAHRUDI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Talysh \REG Khalkhal District in Eastern Azerbaijan Province, Shahrud District, Shal, Kolur, Lerd \INR Close to Kajali and Koresh-e Rostam \R Not a Western Farsi dialect \REL Muslim \DAT 06/Oct/1998 \NEW 10/Feb/1993 \XXX SHM

65. SHIKAKI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Kurdish \HUB Iraq \INR Possibly a dialect of Kurmanji \REL Muslim \DAT 25/Nov/1998 \XXX SHF

66. SIVANDI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Central Iran \REL Muslim \XXX SIY

67. SOI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Central Iran \REL Muslim \XXX SOJ

68. SORKHEI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Semnani \REG In Sorkhe \INR Related to Lasgerdi \REL Muslim \DAT 06/Oct/1998 \NEW 12/Feb/1993 \XXX SQO

69. TAKESTANI \NAL TAKISTANI \D KHALKHAL, TAROM, ZANJAN, KHARAQAN, RAMAND (TAKESTAN) \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Talysh \REG Various towns and villages in the mainly Azerbaijani-speaking region from Khalkhal to Saveh, especially in Takestan and villages to the south and southeast \PTO 220,000 \POP 220,000 \PIN Farsi \INR Close to Talysh, especially Khalkhal dialect \R Different from Tat of Russia, Azerbaijan, and Iran \REL Muslim \DAT 25/Nov/1998 \XXX TKS

70. TALYSH \NAL TALISH, TALESH, TALISHI \D NORTHERN TALYSHI, CENTRAL TALYSHI, SOUTHERN TALYSHI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Talysh \HUB Azerbaijan \REG Along the Caspian Sea up to Kepri-chal, northwest Gilan Province along coastal plain. Northern Talyshi is centered around Astara and the Caspian littoral in Azerbaijan; Central Talyshi is centered around the Asalem-Hashtpar area along the Caspian littoral in northwestern Iran; Southern Talyshi is centered around Shandermen, Masal, Masule, and surrounding mountainous areas in Gilan Province \POP 112,000 in Iran (1993) \PIN Farsi \INR The dialects listed may be separate languages. Close to Harzani. Agajani and Sasani may be dialects \REL Muslim \DAT 25/Nov/1998 \XXX TLY

71. TAROMI, UPPER \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Talysh \REG Upper Tarom of Zanjan Province, Hazarrud, Siavarud \INR Various dialects. Close to Kabatei \REL Muslim \DAT 06/Oct/1998 \NEW 10/Feb/1993 \XXX TIB

72. TAT, MUSLIM \NAL MUSSULMAN TATI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Tat \HUB Azerbaijan \POP 30,000 including Azerbaijan (1994 UBS) \INR Difficult intelligibility with Judeo-Tat. There may be a Christian dialect \R Not written. Different from Takestani of Iran \BLR hey use Azerbaijani as a literary language in Azerbaijan \REL Shi'a Muslim \DAT 07/Jan/1999 \XXX TTT

73. TURKISH \HUB Turkey \POP 2,570 \Non-Indigenous Language \XXX TRK

74. TURKMEN \NAL TORKOMANI \D ANAULI, KHASARLI, NEREZIM, NOKHURLI (NOHUR), CHAVDUR, ESARI (ESARY), GOKLEN (GOKLAN), SALYR, SARYQ, TEKE (TEKKE), YOMUD (YOMUT), TRUKMEN \G Altaic, Turkic, Southern, Turkmenian \HUB Turkmenistan \REG Northeast, mainly in Mazandaran Province, along the Turkmenistan border; important centers are Gonbad-e Kavus and Pahlavi Dezh \POP 2,000,000 in Iran (1997), or 3.17% of the population (1997) \PIN Farsi \PR 1880-1982 \R Not a literary language in Iran. Many are semi-nomadic. Ethnic groups: Yomut, Goklan \WR They could read Arabic script \SBT Agriculturalists: cotton, wheat, barley; cattle \REL Hanafi Sunni and Shi'a Muslim; Goklan and Yomut: Shi'a Muslim \Radio Broadcasts in Language \DAT 07/Jan/1999 \XXX TCK

75. VAFSI \G Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Central Iran \REG Central Province, Arak District, Vafs, Tafres area \PIN Western Farsi \INR Various dialects. Transitional between central Iranian dialects and Talysh; very close to Ashtiani \REL Muslim \DAT 25/Nov/1998 \XXX VAF

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